Monday, June 12, 2017

YOCKET

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• Application Fee Waiver
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• Find and Chat with Seniors, Like minded people and Experts
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Tuesday, November 15, 2016

H-BRIDGE PRINCIPLE

An H bridge is an electronic circuits that enables a voltage to be applied across a load in either direction. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run forwards or backwards.
Most DC-to-AC converters (power inverters) most  the DC-to-DC push pull converters, most motorcontrollers, and many other kinds of power electronics use H bridges. In particular, a bipolar stepper motor is almost invariably driven by a motor controller containing two H bridges.

TRANSISTOR

The design of a transistor allows it to function as an amplifier or a switch. This is accomplished by using a small amount of electricity to control a gate on a much larger supply of electricity, much like turning a valve to control a supply of water. 



Transistors are the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices basically used for controlling, amplifying and generating electrical signals. Transistors comprise of three sections of doped semiconductors. The portion on one side is the emitter and the portion on the opposite side are the collector. The Middle portion is known as the base which forms two junctions between the emitter and the collector.
The Middle portion is known as the base which forms two junctions between the emitter and the collector.
When used as an AC signal amplifier, the transistors Base biasing voltage is applied in such a way that it always operates within its “active” region, that is the linear part of the output characteristics curves are used. However, both the NPN & PNP type bipolar transistors can be made to operate as “ON/OFF” type solid state switch by biasing the transistors base differently to that of a signal amplifier.
Solid state switches are one of the main applications for the use of transistor to switch a DC output “ON” or “OFF”. Some output devices, such as LED’s only require a few milliamps at logic level DC voltages and can therefore be driven directly by the output of a logic gate. However, high power devices such as motors, solenoids or lamps, often require more power than that supplied by an ordinary logic gate so transistor switches are used.
The transistor is also what makes amplifiers work. Instead of having just two states (on or off) it can also be anywhere in between “fully on” and “fully off”.
A small “control current” can then control how big a portion of a bigger “main current” that is going to flow through it. Thereby, the transistor can amplify a signal.
We use transistors in almost all electronics and it’s probably the most important component in electronics.

WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSMISSION



Scientists in Japan have announced that they've successfully managed to transmit energy wirelessly with high accuracy. It’s a game-changing achievement for electricity generation that could one day allow us to place huge solar sheets in space and beam the energy back to Earth.
The researchers from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) announced yesterday that they had used microwaves to deliver 1.8 kilowatts of power - just enough to power a kettle - through the air to a receiver 55 metres away, with pinpoint accuracy.
"This was the first time anyone has managed to send a high output of nearly two kilowatts of electric power via microwaves to a small target, using a delicate directivity control device," a spokesperson for JAXA told AFP.
In the meantime, we're all getting excited about the potential of wireless energy transfer here on Earth, with researchers recently developing technology that uses a magnetic field to charge devices from five metres away, and a router that can beam electricity to up to 12 devices at once. But even though this is pretty impressive, it's got nothing on the distance of JAXA's wireless energy transfer, or its ambition.
Although there’s still a long way to go, the team’s ultimate goal is to set up solar satellites around 36,000 km off Earth’s surface, where they’re able to soak up the intense solar energy from the Sun and then beam it back to Earth via antennae, providing the planet with unlimited renewable power.
It’s something the agency has been working on for years, after seeing man-made satellites such as the International Space Station surviving easily on solar.
"But it could take decades before we see practical application of the technology - maybe in the 2040s or later," the spokesperson told AFP.
"There are a number of challenges to overcome, such as how to send huge structures into space, how to construct them and how to maintain them."
Still, we can't help but get excited at the prospect of fossil fuel-free electricity being beamed down on us from outside our atmosphere. It doesn't get more futuristic than that.

Tuesday, November 1, 2016

BLUETOOTH CONTROLLED ROBOT USING ARDUINO UNO (HC-O5)

In this world of automation robots contribute a lot to make human work less messy and reliable. so to make our easy we try to use advance technology. To make it possible semiconductor IC S play an important role. 
A basic robot we could make to make our work easy is bluetooth controlled robot.
Basically this robot is very simple to make as it is of beginners level.

THIS REQUIREs
arduino uno,
motor driver ic (L293D),
jumper wires,
two geared dc motors,
solderless beardboard 
bluetooth module (HC-05)
9v battery  (optional)
arduino usb
arduino IDE software 

UNDERSTANDING L293D 
The following diagram  shows the functions of the pins 
This ic work on the principle of H-bridge 
UNDERSTANDING HC-05
IT is a bluetooth module with a working voltage of 3.3v to 6v

UNDERSTANDING ARDUINO  
Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. 
PROGRAMMING ARDUINO 
we would need a arduino software to code it
we can we various logics to program our arduino 
the following sketch was used by me
   Control 2 DC motors with Smartphone via bluetooth
   
*/
int motor1Pin1 = 3; // pin 2 on L293D IC
int motor1Pin2 = 4; // pin 7 on L293D IC
int enable1Pin = 6; // pin 1 on L293D IC
int motor2Pin1 = 8; // pin 10 on L293D IC
int motor2Pin2 = 9; // pin 15 on L293D IC
int enable2Pin = 11; // pin 9 on L293D IC
int state;
int flag = 0;      //makes sure that the serial only prints once the state
int stateStop = 0;
void setup() {
  // sets the pins as outputs:
  pinMode(motor1Pin1, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(motor1Pin2, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(enable1Pin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(motor2Pin1, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(motor2Pin2, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(enable2Pin, OUTPUT);
  // sets enable1Pin and enable2Pin high so that motor can turn on:
  digitalWrite(enable1Pin, HIGH);
  digitalWrite(enable2Pin, HIGH);
  // initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  //if some date is sent, reads it and saves in state
  if (Serial.available() > 0) {
    state = Serial.read();
    flag = 0;
  }
  // if the state is '1' the DC motor will go forward
  if (state == '1') {
    digitalWrite(motor1Pin1, HIGH);
    digitalWrite(motor1Pin2, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motor2Pin1, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motor2Pin2, HIGH);
    if (flag == 0) {
      Serial.println("Go Forward!");
      flag = 1;
    }
  }

  // if the state is '2' the motor will turn left
  else if (state == '2') {
    digitalWrite(motor1Pin1, HIGH);
    digitalWrite(motor1Pin2, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motor2Pin1, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motor2Pin2, LOW);
    if (flag == 0) {
      Serial.println("Turn LEFT");
      flag = 1;
    }
    delay(1500);
    state = 3;
    stateStop = 1;
  }
  // if the state is '3' the motor will Stop
  else if (state == '3' || stateStop == 1) {
    digitalWrite(motor1Pin1, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motor1Pin2, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motor2Pin1, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motor2Pin2, LOW);
    if (flag == 0) {
      Serial.println("STOP!");
      flag = 1;
    }
    stateStop = 0;
  }
  // if the state is '4' the motor will turn right
  else if (state == '4') {
    digitalWrite(motor1Pin1, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motor1Pin2, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motor2Pin1, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motor2Pin2, HIGH);
    if (flag == 0) {
      Serial.println("Turn RIGHT");
      flag = 1;
    }
    delay(1500);
    state = 3;
    stateStop = 1;
  }
  // if the state is '5' the motor will Reverse
  else if (state == '5') {
    digitalWrite(motor1Pin1, LOW);
    digitalWrite(motor1Pin2, HIGH);
    digitalWrite(motor2Pin1, HIGH);
    digitalWrite(motor2Pin2, LOW);
    if (flag == 0) {
      Serial.println("Reverse!");
      flag = 1;
    }
  }
  //For debugging purpose
  //Serial.println(state);
}
then u need to connect all the components as shown in the schematic diagram given below
then u need to connect all the components as shown in the schematic diagram given below
after connecting all the parts cleanly we need to download a application named as BLUEARD from the android play store it is also available on ios.
this application was developed at MIT .
this application is used to connect our bluetooth to our smartphone.
http://randomnerdtutorials.com/arduino-control-2-dc-motors-via-bluetooth/
<all data was used from this website it is awesome check it out>
when left is pressed only right motor turns on and the robot turns in left direction and vise versa when forward is pressed both the motors move clockwise and when reverse is pressed both motors move anti-clockwise
Such type are robots are very basic as far as commercial world is concern. we can improve such robots by the application of IOT and many further things like using ultrasonic sensors,pir motion sensor, gyro sensor, flex sensor etc. 
we much try to enhance the technology for the welfare of human beings to some extent .